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The Brahman is an American breed of zebuine-taurine hybrid beef cattle. It was bred in the United States from 1885 from cattle originating in India, imported at various times from the United Kingdom, from India and from Brazil. These were mainly Gir, Guzerá and Nelore stock, with some Indu-Brasil, Krishna Valley and Ongole. The Brahman has a high tolerance of heat, sunlight and humidity, and good resistance to parasites. It has been exported to many countries, particularly in the tropics; in Australia it is the most numerous breed of cattle. It has been used in the creation of numerous taurine-indicine hybrids, some of which – such as the Brangus and Brahmousin – are established as separate breeds.
Biological nomenclature: Bos Indicus
All Bos indicus, including the Brahman, are characterized by a large hump on the top of the shoulders and neck. The color of the Brahman varies from very light gray or red to almost black. Most of the breed is light to medium gray in color. Mature bulls are usually darker than cows and often have dark areas on the neck, shoulders and lower thighs. They have short, thick and shiny hair, which reflects much of the sun's rays, and black-pigmented skin, which allows them to graze in the midday sun without suffering. Their horns curve upward and sometimes lean backwards, in addition to having pendulous ears.
Brahmans have abundant loose fur, which is believed to contribute to their ability to withstand hot weather by increasing the body surface area exposed to the cold. Another characteristic of this breed is the greater number of sweat glands and the ability to sweat freely. Bos indicus cattle also produce an oily secretion from sebaceous glands that has a characteristic odor and is said to help repel insects.
Brahmans are intermediate in size among beef breeds. Bulls usually weigh between 725 and 1000 kg and cows between 450 and 650 kg in average conditions. Calves are small at birth, weighing 60 to 65 pounds, but they grow very quickly and are weaned at weights comparable to other breeds.
It is a race shaped by several millennia of natural selection in a difficult and changing environment. It has developed an adaptation that makes it very interesting in tropical cattle crosses due to the following characteristics:
*Resistance to insects and the diseases they transmit.
*Heat resistance: the skin is dark (less sensitive) and the coat is light. (which causes it to reflect part of the light) The skin is loose and has sweat glands: it allows a large exchange surface and therefore the ability to cool down. Studies in Missouri have shown less internal heat: less heat is released and ingested food is used more efficiently to produce protein.[citation needed]
*Reserve capacity: The bulge at the withers fills during the monsoon and forms a reserve during the dry season.
*Adaptation to drought. The need for water is reduced and allows the drink not to be daily. [citation needed]
*Its docility is said to facilitate handling [citation needed]
*Eye cancer is almost unknown in the breed. They have established a considerable reputation for a high percentage of usable meat mass.
While the Brahman is not necessarily developed to withstand cold climates, when crossed with a Bos taurus breed, the resulting offspring are much more adaptable to the cold. It will cause an increase in birth weight if Brahman bulls are used on Hereford cows, therefore it is recommended to select bulls carefully for birth weight.
The Brahman is reared for the meat industry, particularly in areas where good resistance to hot or tropical conditions is needed. As with other zebuine cattle, the meat is of lower quality than that of specialised European beef cattle breeds. For this reason it is commonly cross-bred with cattle of those breeds, either by raising hybrid calves born to pure-bred parents, or by creating a composite or hybrid breed, of which there are many. Some of them, such as the Brahmousin (Brahman x Limousin), Brangus (Brahman x Angus) and Simbrah (Brahman x Simmental) have acquired breed status in their own right, but many others have not. These include the Brahorn (Brahman x Shorthorn), the Bravon (Brahman x Devon) and South Bravon (Brahman x South Devon), the Bra-Swiss (Brahman x Brown Swiss), the Sabre (Brahman x Sussex) and the Braford (Brahman x Hereford).[2]: 137
In some countries, Brahman bulls are used in the traditional sport.
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